Synthesis object design

The following describes how synthesis objects are structured. This is probably most useful if you are creating a new synthesis method that you would like to include in or be compliant with plenoptic, rather than using existing ones.

The synthesis methods included in plenoptic generate one or more novel images based on the output of a model. These images can be used to better understand the model or as stimuli for an experiment comparing the model against another system. Beyond this rather vague description, however, there is a good deal of variability. We use inheritance in order to try and keep synthesis methods as similar as possible, to facilitate user interaction with them (and testing), but we want to avoid forcing too much similarity.

In the following description:

** must connotes a requirement; any synthesis object not meeting this property

will not be merged and is not considered “plenoptic-compliant”.

  • should connotes a suggestion; a compelling reason is required if the property is not met.

  • may connotes an option; these properties may make things easier (for developers or users), but are completely optional.

All synthesis methods

To that end, all synthesis methods must inherit the plenoptic.synthesize.synthesis.Synthesis class. This requires the synthesis method to have a synthesize() method, and provides helper functions for save(), load(), and to(), which must be used when implementing them. Furthermore:

  • the initialization method (__init__()) must accept any images as its first input(s). If only a single image is accepted, it must be named image. If more than one, their names must be of the form image_X, replacing X with a more descriptive string. These must all have type torch.Tensor and they must be validated with plenoptic.tools.validate.validate_input(). This should be stored in an attribute with the same name as the argument.

  • the initialization method’s next argument(s) must be any models or metrics that the synthesis will be based on. Similarly, if a single model / metric is accepted, they must be named model / metric. If more than one, their names should be of the form X_model / X_metric, replacing X with a more descriptive string. These must be validated with plenoptic.tools.validate.validate_model() / plenoptic.tools.validate.validate_metric(). This should be stored in an attribute with the same name as the argument.

  • any other arguments to the initialization method may follow.

  • the object must be able to work on GPU and CPU. Users must be able to use the GPU either by initializing the synthesis object with tensors or models already on the GPU or by calling .to(). The easiest way to do this is to use torch.rand_like() and analogous methods, and explicitly calling .to() on any other newly-created tensors.

  • ideally, the same for different float and complex data types (e.g., support both torch.float32 and torch.float64), though this is not a strict requirement if there’s a good reason.

  • if synthesize() operates in an iterative fashion, it must accept a max_iter: int argument to specify how long to run synthesis for and a stop_criterion: float argument to allow for early termination if some convergence is reached. What exactly is being checked for convergence (e.g., change in loss, change in pixel values) may vary, but it must be clarified in the docstring. A stop_iters_to_check: int argument may also be included, which specifies how many iterations ago to check. If it is not included, the number of iterations must be clarified in docstring.

  • additionally, if synthesis is iterative, tqdm.auto.tqdm must be used as a progress bar, initialized with pbar = tqdm(range(max_iter)), which should present information using pbar.set_postfix() (such the loss or whatever else is checked for convergence, as discussed above).

  • synthesize() must not return anything. The outputs of synthesis must be stored as attributes of the object. The number of large attributes should be minimized in order to reduce overall size in memory.

  • the synthesis output must be stored as an attribute with the same name as the class (e.g., Metamer.metamer).

  • any attribute or method that the user does not need should be hidden (i.e., start with _).

  • consider using the @property decorator to make important attributes write-only or differentiate between the public and private views. For example, the optimized attribute of the plenoptic.synthesize.geodesic.Geodesic class is named _geodesic, but the geodesic attribute returns this tensor concatenated with two (unchanging) endpoints, as this is what the user will most often want to interact with.

The above are the only requirements that all synthesis methods must meet.

Helper / display functions

It may also be useful to include some functions for investigating the status or output(s) of synthesis. As a general rule, if a function will be called during synthesis (e.g., to compute a loss value), it should be a method of the object. If it is only called afterwards (e.g., to display the synthesis outputs in a useful way), it should be included as a function in the same file (see plenoptic.synthesize.metamer.display_metamer() for an example).

Functions that show images or videos should be called display_X, whereas those that show numbers as a scatter plot, line plot, etc. should be called plot_X. These must be axes-level matplotlib functions: they must accept an axis as an optional argument named ax, which will contain the plot. If no ax is supplied, matplotlib.pyplot.gca() must be used to create / grab the axis. If a multi-axis figure is called for (e.g., to display the synthesis output and plot the loss), a function named plot_synthesis_status() should be created. This must have an optional fig argument, creating a figure if none is supplied. See plenoptic.synthesize.metamer.plot_synthesis_status() for an example. If possible, this plot should be able to be animated to show progress over time. See plenoptic.synthesize.metamer.plot_synthesis_status() for an example.

See our Display and animate functions notebook for description and examples of the included plotting and display code.

Optimized synthesis

Many synthesis methods will use an optimizer to generate their outputs. If the method makes use of a torch.optim.Optimizer object, it must inherit plenoptic.synthesize.synthesis.OptimizedSynthesis class (this is a subclass of:class:plenoptic.synthesize.synthesis.Synthesis, so the above all still applies).

Currently, the following are required (if not all of these are applicable to new methods, we may modify OptimizedSynthesis):

  • the points about iterative synthesis described above all hold: synthesize() must accept max_iter, stop_criterion, may accept stop_iters_to_check, and must use tqdm.auto.tqdm.

  • the object must have an objective_function() method, which returns a measure of “how bad” the current synthesis output is. Optimization is minimizing this value.

  • the object must have a _check_convergence() method, which is used (along with stop_criterion and, optionally, stop_iters_to_check) to determine if synthesis has converged.

  • the object must have an _initialize() method, which initializes the synthesis output (e.g., with an appropriately-shaped sample of noise) and is called during the object’s initilization.

  • the initialization method may accept some argument to affect this initialization, which should be named initial_X (replacing X as appropriate). For example, this could be another image to use for initialization (initial_image) or some property of noise used to generate an initial image (initial_noise).

  • the initialization method must accept range_penalty_lambda: float and allowed_range: Tuple[float, float] arguments, which should be used with plenoptic.tools.optim.penalize_range() to constrain the range of synthesis output.

  • the synthesize() method must accept an optional optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer argument, which defaults to None. OptimizedSynthesis._initialize_optimizer() is a helper function that should be called to set this up: it creates a default optimizer if the user does not specify one and double-checks that the optimizer parameter is the correct object if the user did.

  • during synthesis, the object should update the _losses, _gradient_norm, and _pixel_change_norm attributes on each iteration.

  • the object may have a _closure() method, which performs the gradient calculation. This (when passed to optimizer.step() during the synthesis loop in synthesize()) enables optimization algorithms that perform several evaluations of the gradient before taking a step (e.g., second-order methods). See OptimizedSynthesis._closure() for the simplest version of this.

  • the synthesize() method should accept a store_progress argument, which optionally stores additional information over iteration, such as the synthesis output-in-progress. OptimizedSynthesis has a setter method for this attribute, which will enable things are correct. This argument can be an integer (in which case, the attributes are updated every store_progress iterations), True (same behavior as 1), or False (no updating of attributes). This should probably be done in a method named _store().

  • the synthesize() method should be callable multiple times with the same object, in which case progress is resumed. On all subsequent calls, optimizer must be None (this is checked by OptimizedSynthesis._initialize_optimizer()) and store_progress, stop_criterion, and stop_iters_to_check must have the same values.

How to order methods

Python doesn’t care how you order any of the methods or properties of a class, but doing so in a consistent manner will make reading the code easier, so try to follow these guidelines:

  • The caller should (almost always) be above the callee and related concepts should be close together.

  • __init__() should be first, followed by any methods called within it. This will probably include _initialize(), for those classes that have it.

  • After all those initialization-related methods, synthesize() should come next. Again, this should be followed by most of the the methods called within it, ordered roughly by importance. Thus, the first methods should probably be objective_function() and _optimizer_step(), followed by _check_convergence(). What shouldn’t be included in this section are helper methods that aren’t scientifically interesting (e.g., _initialize_optimizer(), _store()).

  • Next, any other content-related methods, such as helper methods that perform useful computations that are not called by __init__() or synthesize() (e.g., plenoptic.synthesize.geodesic.Geodesic.calculate_jerkiness).

  • Next, the helper functions we ignored from earlier, such as _initialize_optimizer() and _store().

  • Next, save(), load(), to().

  • Finally, all the properties.